Infinitives: those seemingly simple verb forms that pack a punch in English grammar. Often overlooked, understanding infinitives is crucial for mastering sentence structure and expressing yourself with clarity and precision. This guide will demystify infinitives, covering their function, types, and usage with practical examples to elevate your writing and communication skills.
What is an Infinitive?
Defining the Infinitive
An infinitive is the basic form of a verb, typically preceded by the word “to.” It acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb within a sentence. Think of it as the verb in its most fundamental state.
- Example: to run, to eat, to sing, to dream
While the “to + verb” structure is the most common, there are also “bare infinitives,” which we’ll discuss later.
Functioning as Different Parts of Speech
Infinitives are remarkably versatile, taking on various roles within a sentence.
- Noun: The infinitive can act as the subject, object, or complement of a verb.
Subject: To forgive is divine.
Object: I like to read.
Complement: My goal is to travel.
- Adjective: The infinitive can modify a noun, providing more information about it.
Example: I need a book to read. (modifies “book”)
- Adverb: The infinitive can modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb, often indicating purpose or reason.
Example: I went to the store to buy milk. (modifies “went”)
Example: I am happy to help. (modifies “happy”)
Types of Infinitives
Full Infinitives (To + Verb)
As mentioned, the full infinitive is the most common form. It consists of the word “to” followed by the base form of the verb.
- Examples:
She wants to dance.
They decided to leave.
It’s important to listen.
Bare Infinitives
The bare infinitive is the base form of the verb without “to.” It’s used in specific grammatical constructions, usually after certain auxiliary verbs and verbs of perception.
- After Auxiliary Verbs (Modal Verbs): can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must
Examples:
I can sing.
They should study.
You must go.
- After Verbs of Perception (see, hear, feel, watch, etc.):
Examples:
I saw him leave.
We heard her sing.
They felt the ground shake.
- After the verbs ‘let’, ‘make’, and ‘help’:
Examples:
Let me know if you need anything.
She made him apologize.
He helped her carry the boxes.
Split Infinitives
A split infinitive occurs when an adverb is placed between “to” and the verb. While traditionally frowned upon, modern usage often accepts split infinitives when they improve clarity or flow.
- Example: to boldly go (split infinitive) vs. to go boldly (unsplit infinitive)
While some argue that avoiding split infinitives is crucial for formal writing, others believe that prioritizing clarity is more important. Consider your audience and the context when deciding whether to split an infinitive. A 2019 study by the University of Michigan found that 68% of respondents found split infinitives acceptable in most contexts.
How to Use Infinitives Effectively
Avoiding Ambiguity
Clarity is key when using infinitives. Ensure that the function of the infinitive is clear within the sentence.
- Example (Ambiguous): Seeing the dog, I started to run. (Is the dog running, or am I?)
- Example (Clear): Seeing the dog, I started running. (Corrected to use the gerund.)
- Example (Clear): Seeing the dog, I started to run away. (Corrected to clarify infinitive purpose.)
Combining Infinitives with Other Verb Forms
Infinitives often work in conjunction with other verb forms to create complex sentence structures.
- Example: I am learning to play the guitar. (Present progressive + infinitive)
- Example: She needs to finish her homework to go out. (Main verb + infinitive)
Using Infinitives for Emphasis
Infinitives can be strategically placed to emphasize a particular action or purpose.
- Example: To succeed, you must work hard. (Emphasis on the requirement for success)
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Misusing Bare Infinitives
One common error is using “to” with bare infinitives, especially after modal verbs.
- Incorrect: I can to swim.
- Correct: I can swim.
Confusing Infinitives with Gerunds
Both infinitives and gerunds (verbs ending in “-ing” that function as nouns) can act as nouns, leading to confusion.
- Example (Infinitive): To swim is my favorite exercise.
- Example (Gerund): Swimming is my favorite exercise.
While both are grammatically correct, they can convey slightly different nuances. Generally, infinitives are more forward-looking, expressing potential or intention, while gerunds are more focused on the action itself.
Dangling Infinitives
Similar to dangling modifiers, a dangling infinitive occurs when the subject of the infinitive is unclear or doesn’t logically relate to the rest of the sentence.
- Incorrect: To improve your grades, studying is essential. (Who is studying?)
- Correct: To improve your grades, you need to study.* (The subject “you” is now clear.)
Conclusion
Mastering the use of infinitives is essential for clear and effective communication. By understanding their function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, and by recognizing the difference between full and bare infinitives, you can significantly improve your writing skills. Pay attention to common mistakes, such as misusing bare infinitives and confusing them with gerunds, and always strive for clarity and precision. Remember, effective use of infinitives can add depth and nuance to your expression, making your writing more engaging and impactful.
